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Understanding Digital Cameras – What is white Balance?
White balance in part refers to the way that colors in a photo or movie are affected by the color of light used to illuminate the scene. The most common example that we see is the yellow color cast in pictures taken without flash by living room light. The process of reducing or eliminating this color cast is called adjusting white balance.
I don't intend to dig deeply into color theory in this blog; there are semester-long classes at the university for that, so we will need to take some things at face value. The first thing we need to understand is that light - any light - has a color cast to it. We prefer the color cast of daylight and we tend to use this as a standard.
The next thing we need to know is that the very best white balance tool in the world is between our ears. Our eyes look at scenes under various colors of light and yet our brains quickly adjust the information to make whites white and grays gray. Right now I am under florescent lighting looking at a white sheet of paper. I know that the florescent lights have a greenish color cast and this piece of paper appears slightly light olive in color under them. However my brain is filtering out that color cast and the paper is snow white.
We expect no less white balance magic from our cameras when it comes to the pictures we take.
There are two simple ways to tackle the white balance problem when shooting a picture. The first is to leave the camera in its factory set AWB setting which stands for "Auto White Balance". Engineers who know a lot about white balance have programmed the camera to handle the problem with decent efficiency.
The second way to attack color cast caused by off color light is to overpower it with pure white light such as with a flash. Camera flash has been designed to produce light that records as white.
There we have two simple techniques to help prevent a poor color cast in our images. And really the first technique requires that you do nothing, just leave the camera set as it came from the factory, how simple is that?
If it were that easy and automatic this would be a short article, wouldn't it? Then it should come as no surprise that the simple methods don't always work that well. The AWB settings programmed into your camera are best guesses made by very smart people who never have to shoot a picture in your specific living room.
The flash in your camera loses its ability to overpower badly colored room lighting as the distance between the camera and the subject increases. The clean white flash light is overpowering for only about four to seven feet with most built-n flashes on DSLR's or on any compact camera.
At this point we can stop and catch our breath. When it comes to the 90% of people who are shooting family pictures in their living room, well, they really don't care if colors are ever so slightly off in their pictures. But what if you are picky or the event is important, or if you intend to really show off your pictures, how do you overcome white balance problems?
On many compact cameras and on all DSLR cameras there are several white balance settings to choose between. There are settings for incandescent lights, florescent lights, shady spots, cloudy days, camera flash and more.
If AWB is automatic, these other white balance settings are semi-automatic. The photographer must choose to use these alternate settings, but after that a different set of program instructions are in charge. White balance issues are controlled automatically but biased for the specific situation.
The first step toward better colors in your pictures is choosing to use these alternate white balance settings. There is a word of caution though, these settings don't automatically revert to AWB after the camera is turned off. The photographer must be aware of what white balance setting is being used or there will be a problem. Usually what happens is that the last time the camera was set for incandescent lights and not changed back to AWB, now outside on a sunny day all of the pictures are blue! Use the alternate white balance settings but learn what your camera is telling you on its LCD screen!
A significant advantage in white balance control belongs to the DSLR group of cameras. With the more advanced controls available a DSLR photographer is able to easily create and use their own white balance setting. Tools such as white balance lens caps or filters, white or gray cards, and even three dimensional control targets allow the DSLR photographer quick access to better white balance setup.
Now here is the thing about white balance control – you have to want to do it. It is always an extra step or two before shooting and again in post processing. However the results can be a significant improvement to color, especially skin tone. When whites sparkle, the eyes of people in a photo look clearer and sharper. Wedding dresses look snowy rather than dingy. Colors in the surrounding environment look crisp and not muddy.
Learning to exercise control over white balance is an intermediate skill, it isn't difficult to master and it will improve your images noticeably. If you are a compact camera shooter learn to use your camera's built-in alternate white balance modes. If you are a DSLR shooter do the same and learn how to use a white balance target or set a custom white balance with a WB lens cap or filter. AWB auto white balance is pretty good but it only takes a little effort to take a step toward spectacular.
About the Author
Stu Eddins is blogger, instructor, merchandiser, and is generally in charge of a lot of things for Porter's Digital Cameras and Imaging. Visit their site at www.porters.com. Years of experience over the counter and in classrooms have turned Stu into an evangelist for image preservation, capturing and sharing memories, and helping people understand digital cameras, digital camera lenses.
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